Research Database

This article examines the relationships between energy use, fossil fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in three developing countries in Southeast Asia between 1988 and 2017. We found that the GDP per capita positively affects per capita CO2 emissions, and that it has a positive relationship with per capita energy use. Additionally, we found that GDP per capita is negatively affected by fossil fuel consumption, whereas it is positively affected by per capita CO2 emissions. Moreover, results show directional relationships running from per capita CO2 emissions to GDP per capita, from GDP per capita to per capita energy use, from GDP per capita to fossil fuel consumption, and from GDP per capita to per capita CO2 emissions. We found cointegration among the variables at the 1% critical value and two levels of cointegration among variables at the 5% critical value. Finally, we recommend policies to boost economic growth, reduce CO2 emissions, and achieve sustainable development in Southeast Asia.

The article attempts to investigate impacts of determinants on per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in six developing countries in Southeast Asia between 1985 and 2014 using a panel dataset. We found that electric power per capita, energy use, and gross domestic product have positive influences on per capita CO2emissions in Southeast Asia. However, population and renewable energy consumption negatively affect per capita CO2 emissions in this region. Our results also addressed that per capita CO2 emissions of Indonesia and Viet Nam are higher than that of other countries in the region. Lastly, policies are recommended to reduce CO2 emissions and protect the environment in Southeast Asia, including improvement of energy efficiency of countries in the region, implementation of the Project in Clean Energy Investments, reduction of fuel and CO2 emissions applied to light duty vehicles and high duty vehicles, exploitation of advantages in exporting greenhouse gas emissions, and cooperation among countries in the region in order to reduce emissions.