Research Database

In an era marked by escalating climate change, the fragile ecological balance faces increasing strain. Whilst significant knowledge exists regarding the accumulation of carbon emission within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, little is known about when and how countries could reach net-zero emission goal as agreed in Paris Agreement.

This study evaluates the environmental and economic impacts of ICE vehicles, HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs in Indonesia, aspiring for net zero emissions by 2050. While EVs have the lowest CO and CO2 emissions but higher NOx and N2O emissions, their lower maintenance costs contrast with higher upfront costs. HEVs present a balanced option, offering insights for sustainable transportation solutions in the transition to net zero emissions.