Research Database

This study evaluates the environmental and economic impacts of ICE vehicles, HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs in Indonesia, aspiring for net zero emissions by 2050. While EVs have the lowest CO and CO2 emissions but higher NOx and N2O emissions, their lower maintenance costs contrast with higher upfront costs. HEVs present a balanced option, offering insights for sustainable transportation solutions in the transition to net zero emissions.

This study explores the environmental and economic implications of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and Electric Vehicles (EVs). A case study in Indonesia is selected, focusing to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and improve air quality. The research compares key factors such as emission costs, […]