Research Database

This study investigates the use of a non-linear autoregressive exogenous neural network(NARX) model to investigate the nexus between energy usability, economic indicators, and carbondioxide (CO2) emissions in four Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), namely Malaysia,Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Optimized NARX model architectures of 5-29-1, 5-19-1,5-17-1, 5-13-1 representing the input nodes, hidden neurons and the output units were obtained fromthe series of models configured. Based on the relationship between the input variables, CO2 emissionswere predicted with a high correlation coefficient (R) > 0.9. and low mean square errors (MSE)of 3.92 × 10−21, 4.15 × 10−23, 2.02 × 10−19, 1.32 × 10−20 for Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and thePhilippines, respectively. Coal consumption has the highest level of influence on CO2 emissions inthe four ASEAN countries based on the sensitivity analysis. These findings suggest that governmentpolicies in the four ASEAN countries should be more intensified on strategies to reduce CO2 emissionsin relationship with the energy and economic indicators.