Abstract

Indonesia’s abundant renewable energy resources present a strategic opportunity to accelerate the country’s transition toward a low-carbon energy system. Among various emerging technologies, green hydrogen, produced through electrolysis powered by renewable sources, holds significant potential to decarbonize the power sector and support net-zero emission targets. The General Plan for National Electricity Development 2025–2060 outlines three main approaches for hydrogen utilization in Indonesia: hydrogen co-firing in gas-fired power plants, ammonia co-firing in coal-fired power plants, and fuel cell deployment. Each method presents distinct advantages and challenges that require comprehensive evaluation. This paper aims to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of these three approaches within the Indonesian context. Using a multi-criteria decision-making approach, this study evaluates key factors including energy efficiency, implementation costs, environmental impacts, and infrastructure readiness. The analysis is grounded in a comprehensive literature review and empirical data, using the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The results indicate that ammonia co-firing currently offers the strongest overall performance, achieving the highest preference score due to its balanced efficiency, economic feasibility, environmental benefits, and replicability potential for Indonesia’s power generation sector. Fuel cells rank second, driven by excellent environmental performance but constrained by high capital costs and shorter operational lifetimes. Hydrogen co-firing in gas-fired power plants scores the lowest among the three alternatives.